Evolution 3rd Edition by Douglas J. Futuyma describes major themes in contemporary evolutionary biology including the history of evolution, evolutionary processes, adaptation, and evolution as an explanatory framework - at ranges of organic organization ranging from genomes to ecological communities.
Writer exhibits the mechanistic bases of constraints (or restraints) reminiscent of pleiotropy, lack of genetic variance, or apparent irreversibility. By understanding developmental or biochemical pathways, or the cellular or molecular foundation of traits (e.g., chemoreceptors concerned in an insect's host plant preference), we can better understand what our reified “characters” are and the extent to which genetic correlations are “essential,” and can pursue deeper genetic analysis.
Understanding that the genetic foundation of a trait has degenerated into pseudogenes, for instance, offers larger understanding than a simple phylogenetic dedication that it has not been regained. This text also reveals how we determine which among the many possible kinds of intrinsic and extrinsic constraints.
It additionally describes hypotheses of evolutionary constraint (or restraint), and counsel that though constraints on individual characters or character complexes may usually reside within the construction or paucity of genetic variation, organism-vast stasis, as described by paleontologists, may higher be defined by a speculation of ephemeral divergence, in keeping with which the spatial or temporal divergence of populations is commonly short-lived due to interbreeding with nondivergent populations. Among the many penalties of acknowledging evolutionary constraints, community ecology is being reworked because it takes under consideration phylogenetic niche conservatism and the sturdy imprint of deep history.
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